# Benchmarking - motivation and tools (1/2)

One of the main motivations for this project was to leverage the computational power of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to perform faster computations with QuTiP. However, even though overall GPUs are rated with higher floating point operations per second (FLOPS) than CPUs, it is not straightforward to use this computational power for our advantage. In particular, GPUs require highly parallelizable operations. This is why during the first weeks of the project I focused on preparing a set of benchmarks that will help us understanding when and how to make use of the GPUs. I was specially interested to see if my own hardware could benefit from using a GPU and how the hardware provided by colab compares with it. The final goal is to provide an easy function, qutip_tensorflow.benchmarks() that allows the user to test qutip-tensorflow’s performance in its own hardware. In this post, I will explain which tools are available for benchmarking in python and in the next post I will show some of the results obtained in the benchmarks.

There are several approaches that can be followed to write benchmarks in python. The simplest one would be to use the time module. This module is a great tool for quick benchmarking of a function, but using it would require a lot of boilerplate code for both parametrizing the benchmarks and saving the results. Notice that I am mostly interested in comparing the performance of a function for several matrix sizes and different data representations (for example, NumPy’s ndarray, QuTiP’s new Dense representation or TensorFlow’s Tensors). Being able to seamlessly parametrize the benchmarks would greatly simplify the writing process. This is why I decided to use more sophisticated tools such as pytest-benchmark or asv. Both of these tools automatically store the results in JSON format and have included an easy way to parametrize the benchmarks, which I will explain a little bit more in detail now.

### Pytest-benchmark

pytest is a popular python package for testing purposes for which several plugins are available. One of these is pytest-benchmark which provides benchmarking functionality. What I found most interesting about pytest is that test (or a benchmark in pytest-benchmark) can be parametrized using decorators. An example of this is:

import numpy as np
import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", np.logspace(1, 3, 5, dtype=int).tolist())
# Create a random matrix
a = np.random.random((size,size))

# benchmark a+a


In the above code we parametrize the function to benchmark the addition of two NumPy matrices as a function of the matrix size. This is achieved with the decorator @pytest.mark.parametrize("size", np.logspace(1, 3, 5, dtype=int).tolist()).

### Airspeed velocity (asv)

asv defines itself as “a tool for benchmarking python package over its lifetime”. Indeed, it includes very useful tools to test a package for regression, such as running the benchmarks over a range of commits with a single command (for example, asv run master..mybranch would run the benchmarks for the commits since branching off master). It also provides parametrization of the benchmarks. An example of the above code in asv would be:

import numpy as np

class TimeLA:
"""
Minimal linear algebra benchmark.
"""
params = np.logspace(1, 3, 5, dtype=int).tolist() # Matrix sizes

# Run this before benchmarking
def setup(self, size):
# Create a random matrix
self.a = np.random.random((size,size))

# benchmark a+a
a = self.a
_ = a + a


Another useful feature of asv is that it can easily generate an html page with the benchmark results. You can see an example of such page here for NumPy.

### Conclusions

Both asv and pytest-benchmark are great tools that would fit my requirements to write benchmarks: they can be easily parametrized and store the results in JSON format. asv has the advantage of providing extra tools that facilitates benchmarking a code over its lifetime. However, I am mostly interested in on comparing the performance of different functions for different input sizes. Hence, I decided to use pytest-benchmark as I am already used to using pytest for testing purposes. However, if the goal of the project had been to ensure no regression occur in the future of this package, I would have chosen asv as the tool for benchmarking.

In the next post I will show a comparison of the benchmark results. Hope to see you there!